Digitalisation For Sustainable Infrastructure: The Road Ahead

In today’s tumultuous and fast-changing times, digitalisation and technology are game changers in a wide range of sectors and have a tremendous impact on infrastructure. Roads, railways, electricity grids, aviation, and maritime transport are deeply affected by the digital and technological transition, with gains in terms of competitiveness, cost-reduction, and safety. Digitalisation is also a key tool for fostering global commitment towards sustainability, but the race for digital infrastructure is also a geopolitical one. As the world’s largest economies are starting to adopt competitive strategies, a level playing field appears far from being agreed upon. Why are digitalisation and technology the core domains of global geopolitical competition? How are they changing the way infrastructure is built, operated, and maintained? To what extent will road, rail, air, and maritime transport change by virtue of digitalisation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things? How to enhance cyber protection for critical infrastructure? What are the EU’s, US’ and China’s digital strategies?Publishe

Ordonnancement et contrôle avancé des procédés en fabrication de semi-conducteurs.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons examiné différentes possibilités d'intégration des décisions d'ordonnancement avec des informations provenant de systèmes avancés des contrôles des procédés dans la fabrication de semi-conducteurs. Nous avons développé des idées d'intégration et défini des nouveaux problèmes d'ordonnancement originales : Problème d'ordonnancement avec des contraintes de temps (PTC) et problème d'ordonnancement avec l'état de santé des équipement (PEHF). PTC et PEHF ont des fonctions objectives multicritères.PTC est un problème d'ordonnancement des familles de jobs sur des machines parallèles non identiques en tenant compte des temps de setup et des contraintes de temps. Les machines non identiques signifient que toutes les machines ne peuvent pas traités (qualifiés) tous les types de familles d'emplois. Les contraintes de temps nommés aussi Thresholds sont inspirées des besoins de l'APC. Elle est liée à l'alimentation régulière des boucles de contrôle de l'APC. L'objectif est de minimiser la somme des dates de fin et les pertes de qualification des machines lorsqu'une famille de jobs n'est pas ordonnancée sur la machine donnée avant un seuil de temps donné.D'autre part, PEHF est une extension de PTC. Il consiste d'intégrer les indices de santé des équipements (EHF). EHF est un indicateur associé à l'équipement qui donne l'état de la. L'objectif est d'ordonnancer des tâches de familles de jobs différents sur les machines tout en minimisant la somme des temps d'achèvement, les pertes de qualification de la machine et d'optimiser un rendement attendu. Ce rendement est défini comme une fonction d'EDH et de la criticité de jobs considérés.In this thesis, we discussed various possibilities of integrating scheduling decisions with information and constraints from Advanced Process Control (APC) systems in semiconductor Manufacturing. In this context, important questions were opened regarding the benefits of integrating scheduling and APC. An overview on processes, scheduling and Advanced Process Control in semiconductor manufacturing was done, where a description of semiconductor manufacturing processes is given. Two of the proposed problems that result from integrating bith systems were studied and analyzed, they are :Problem of Scheduling with Time Constraints (PTC) and Problem of Scheduling with Equipement health Factor (PEHF). PTC and PEHF have multicriteria objective functions.PTC aims at scheduling job in families on non-identical parallel machines with setup times and time constraints.Non-identical machines mean that not all miachines can (are qualified to) process all types of job families. Time constraints are inspired from APC needs, for which APC control loops must be regularly fed with information from metrology operations (inspection) within a time interval (threshold). The objective is to schedule job families on machines while minimizing the sum of completion times and the losses in machine qualifications.Moreover, PEHF was defined which is an extension of PTC where scheduling takes into account the equipement Health Factors (EHF). EHF is an indicator on the state of a machine. Scheduling is now done by considering a yield resulting from an assignment of a job to a machine and this yield is defined as a function of machine state and job state.ST ETIENNE-ENS des Mines (422182304) / SudocGARDANNE-Centre microélec. (130412301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Building energy metering and environmental monitoring - A state-of-the-art review and directions for future research

Buildings are responsible for 40% of global energy use and contribute towards 30% of the total CO2 emissions. The drive to reduce energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions from buildings has acted as a catalyst in the increasing installation of meters and sensors for monitoring energy use and indoor environmental conditions in buildings. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in building energy metering and environmental monitoring, including their social, economic, environmental and legislative drivers. The integration of meters and sensors with existing building energy management systems (BEMS) is critically appraised, especially with regard to communication technologies and protocols such as ModBus, M-Bus, Ethernet, Cellular, ZigBee, WiFi and BACnet. Findings suggest that energy metering is covered in existing policies and regulations in only a handful of countries. Most of the legislations and policies on energy metering in Europe are in response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), 2002/91/EC. However, recent developments in policy are pointing towards more stringent metering requirements in future, moving away from voluntary to mandatory compliance. With regards to metering equipment, significant developments have been made in the recent past on miniaturisation, accuracy, robustness, data storage, ability to connect using multiple communication protocols, and the integration with BEMS and the Cloud – resulting in a range of available solutions, selection of which can be challenging. Developments in communication technologies, in particular in low-power wireless such as ZigBee and Bluetooth LE (BLE), are enabling cost-effective machine to machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) implementation of sensor networks. Privacy and data protection, however, remain a concern for data aggregators and end-users. The standardization of network protocols and device functionalities remains an active area of research and development, especially due to the prevalence of many protocols in the BEMS industry. Available solutions often lack interoperability between hardware and software systems, resulting in vendor lock-in. The paper provides a comprehensive understanding of available technologies for energy metering and environmental monitoring; their drivers, advantages and limitations; factors affecting their selection and future directions of research and development – for use a reference, as well as for generating further interest in this expanding research area

Research on the System Safety Management in Urban Railway

Nowadays, rail transport has become one of the most widely utilised forms of transport thanks to its high safety level, large capacity, and cost-effectiveness. With the railway network's continuous development, including urban rail transit, one of the major areas of increasing attention and demand is ensuring safety or risk management in operation long-term remains for the whole life cycle by scientific tools, management of railway operation (Martani 2017), specifically in developed and developing countries like Vietnam. The situation in Vietnam demonstrates that the national mainline railway network has been built and operated entirely in a single narrow gauge (1000mm) since the previous century, with very few updates of manual operating technology. This significantly highlights that up to now, the conventional technique for managing the safety operation in general, and collision in particular, of the current Vietnamese railway system, including its subsystems, is only accident statistics which is not a scientific-based tool as the others like risk identify and analyse methods, risk mitigation…, that are already available in many countries. Accident management of Vietnam Railways is limited and responsible for accident statistics analysis to avoid and minimise the harm caused by phenomena that occur only after an accident. Statistical analysis of train accident case studies in Vietnam railway demonstrates that, because hazards and failures that could result in serious system occurrences (accidents and incidents) have not been identified, recorded, and evaluated to conduct safety-driven risk analysis using a well-suited assessment methodology, risk prevention and control cannot be achieved. Not only is it hard to forecast and avoid events, but it may also raise the chance and amount of danger, as well as the severity of the later effects. As a result, Vietnam's railway system has a high number of accidents and failure rates. For example, Vietnam Rail-ways' mainline network accounted for approximately 200 railway accidents in 2018, a 3% increase over the previous year, including 163 collisions between trains and road vehicles/persons, resulting in more than 100 fatalities and more than 150 casualties; 16 accidents, including almost derailments, the signal passed at danger… without fatality or casual-ty, but significant damage to rolling stock and track infrastructure (VR 2021). Focusing and developing a new standardised framework for safety management and availability of railway operation in Vietnam is required in view of the rapid development of rail urban transport in the country in recent years (VmoT 2016; VmoT 2018). UMRT Line HN2A in southwest Hanoi is the country's first elevated light rail transit line, which was completed and officially put into revenue service in November 2021. This greatly highlights that up to the current date, the UMRT Line HN2A is the first and only railway line in Vietnam with operational safety assessment launched for the first time and long-term remains for the whole life cycle. The fact that the UMRT Hanoi has a large capacity, more complicated rolling stock and infrastructure equipment, as well as a modern communica-tion-based train control (CBTC) signalling system and automatic train driving without the need for operator intervention (Lindqvist 2006), are all advantages. Developing a compatible and integrated safety management system (SMS) for adaption to the safety operating requirements of this UMRT is an important major point of concern, and this should be proven. In actuality, the system acceptance and safety certification phase for Metro Line HN2A prolonged up to 2.5 years owing to the identification of difficulties with noncompliance to safety requirements resulting from inadequate SMS documents and risk assessment. These faults and hazards have developed during the manufacturing and execution of the project; it is impossible to go back in time to correct them, and it is also impossible to ignore the project without assuming responsibility for its management. At the time of completion, the HN2A metro line will have required an expenditure of up to $868 million, thus it is vital to create measures to prevent system failure and assure passenger safety. This dissertation has reviewed the methods to solve the aforementioned challenges and presented a solution blueprint to attain the European standard level of system safety in three-phase as in the following: • Phase 1: applicable for lines that are currently in operation, such as Metro Line HN2A. Focused on operational and maintenance procedures, as well as a training plan for railway personnel, in order to enhance human performance. Complete and update the risk assessment framework for Metro Line HN2A. The dissertation's findings are described in these applications. • Phase 2: applicable for lines that are currently in construction and manufacturing, such as Metro Line HN3, Line HN2, HCMC Line 1 and Line 2. Continue refining and enhancing engineering management methods introduced during Phase 1. On the basis of the risk assessment by manufacturers (Line HN3, HCMC Line 2 with European manufacturers) and the risk assessment framework described in Chapter 4, a risk management plan for each line will be developed. Building Accident database for risk assessment research and development. • Phase 3: applicable for lines that are currently in planning. Enhance safety requirements and life-cycle management. Building a proactive Safety Culture step by step for the railway industry. This material is implemented gradually throughout all three phases, beginning with the creation of the concept and concluding with an improvement in the attitude of railway personnel on the HN2A line. In addition to this overview, Chapters 4 through Chapter 9 of the dissertation include particular solutions for Risk assessment, Vehicle and Infrastructure Maintenance methods, Inci-dent Management procedures, and Safety Culture installation. This document focuses on constructing a system safety concept for railway personnel, providing stringent and scientific management practises to assure proper engineering conditions, to manage effectively the metro line system, and ensuring passenger safety in Hanoi's metro operatio

Resource management and application customization for hardware accelerated systems

Computational demands are continuously increasing, driven by the growing resource demands of applications. At the era of big-data, big-scale applications, and real-time applications, there is an enormous need for quick processing of big amounts of data. To meet these demands, computer systems have shifted towards multi-core solutions. Technology scaling has allowed the incorporation of even larger numbers of transistors and cores into chips. Nevertheless, area constrains, power consumption limitations, and thermal dissipation limit the ability to design and sustain ever increasing chips. To overpassthese limitations, system designers have turned towards the usage of hardware accelerators. These accelerators can take the form of modules attached to each core of a multi-core system, forming a network on chip of cores with attached accelerators. Another option of hardware accelerators are Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). GPUs can be connected through a host-device model with a general purpose system, and are used to off-load parts of a workload to them. Additionally, accelerators can be functionality dedicated units. They can be part of a chip and the main processor can offload specific workloads to the hardware accelerator unit.In this dissertation we present: (a) a microcoded synchronization mechanism for systems with hardware accelerators that provide distributed shared memory, (b) a Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) allocation policy for single application execution on GPUs, (c) an SM allocation policy for concurrent applications that execute on GPUs, and (d) a framework to map neural network (NN) weights to approximate multiplier accuracy levels. Theaforementioned mechanisms coexist in the resource management domain. Specifically, the methodologies introduce ways to boost system performance by using hardware accelerators. In tandem with improved performance, the methodologies explore and balance trade-offs that the use of hardware accelerators introduce

Nucor Corporation: A Study on Evolution Toward Strategic Fit

For much of its century long history, Nucor Corporation and its predecessors displayed turbulent financial performance. Several attempts at a strategic realignment proved unsuccessful, and in 1965, the company faced insolvency. Since that time, however, the company has rallied around its steel operations to become the largest steel producer in the United States, with $12.7 billion in net annual sales. This thesis examines Nucor’s development from an unprofitable conglomerate to a highly efficient enterprise. Specific focus on the evolution of the activity system underlying the organization lays the groundwork for systematic analysis of why some companies succeed while others fail

Management: A continuing literature survey with indexes

This bibliography lists 782 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in 1977. The citations, and abstracts when available, are reproduced exactly as they appeared originally in IAA and STAR, including the original accession numbers from the respective announcement journals. Topics cover the management of research and development contracts, production, logistics, personnel, safety, reliability and quality control citations. Includes references on: program, project and systems management; management policy, philosophy, tools, and techniques; decisionmaking processes for managers; technology assessment; management of urban problems; and information for managers on Federal resources, expenditures, financing, and budgeting

Evolution von Allianznetzwerken and Firmen-Ressourcen in Telekommunikations- und Informationstechnologiebranchen

Informed by the resource-based view of the firm and the strategic network theory, this thesis describes seven cases studies from the information technology and telecommunications industries. Proposed hypotheses cover three research questions on the dynamic aspects of the mentioned theoretical frameworks: Evolution of alliance networks, resource exchange and combination as well as implications of alliance networks for the competitive advantage of the firm. 16 hypotheses are derived from these seven cases studies and are combined into one framework. This framework is later compared with theoretical concepts from the resource-based view of the firm and the strategic network theory. The joint theoretical model and the derived hypotheses allow an outlook on recommendations for managerial practice.Dem ressourcen-basierten Ansatz und der strategischen Netzwerktheorie sind in den letzten Jahren zunehmende Beachtung durch die strategische Managementforschung geschenkt worden. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden die bis jetzt vernachlässigten dynamischen Perspektiven der beiden theoretischen Konzepte weiter vertieft.Durch sieben Fallstudien über die Partnerschaftsnetzwerke von Unternehmen der Informations- und Kommunikationswirtschaft werden mit Hilfe des Grounded-Theory Ansatzes Hypothesen zur Weiterentwicklung und Dynamisierung der genannten theoretischen Konzepte entwickelt. Die relevanten Forschungsfragen decken hierbei drei Themenbereiche ab: Evolution von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken, Ressourcenaustausch und -verbindung innerhalb von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken und Auswirkungen von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken auf Wettbewerbsvorteile von Unternehmen. Die Evolution von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken umfasst Fragestellungen von der Sequenz von Partnerschaftsaktivitäten und dem Vergleich von Partnerschaften über den Zeitablauf in Intensität, Standardisierung, funktionaler Ausrichtung und Ressourcenaustausch. Dieser Themenkomplex befasst sich auch mit den iterativen Wechselwirkungen von Ressourcenbedarf, Ressourcenbefriedigung durch zukünftige Partnerschaften, Ressourcenbildung durch aktive Partnerschaften und gewachsene Unternehmensattraktivität für zukünftige Partnerschaften durch erhöhtes Ressourcenangebot. Die zweite Themenstellung des Ressourcenaustausches und deren Verbindung innerhalb von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken deckt die Fragen der Unternehmenskompetenzen zur Führung von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken, der Internalisierung von Partnerressourcen durch Lernen sowie Faktoren, die Lernen zwischen Unternehmen beeinflussen, ab. Nach dem Erlernen von Ressourcen werden auch Fragen nach der zukünftigen strukturellen Weiterentwicklung von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken untersucht. In der letzten Fragestellung werden abschließend die wechselnden Effekte von dynamischen Partnerschaftsnetzwerken auf Wettbewerbsvorteile von Unternehmen untersucht. Aus den sieben Fallstudien werden 16 Hypothesen entwickelt, die sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen lassen: Unternehmen starten mit einfach strukturierten Partnerschaften auf operativer Ebene und bauen dann schrittweise ein komplexeres Allianznetzwerk auf. Im Rahmen dieses Aufbaus entwickeln Unternehmen über die Kumulierung von Partnerschaften die Fähigkeiten zum Management ihres Netzwerkes und konzentrieren dann ihre Aktivitäten auf auswählte hochwertige Allianzen. Diese Allianzen zeichnen sich durch eine höhere Intensität and genauere Definition des Ressourcenaustauschen aus. Die Formierung von höherwertigen Allianzen hängt jedoch von der Bereitstellung eigener Unternehmensressourcen als ‚Tauschwert' ab, die durch Informationsaustausch und Lernen entwickelt werden können. Das Erlernen von Ressourcen hängt von dem Konfliktlevel und der Ähnlichkeit der Ressourcenbasis zwischen den Partnern im Netzwerk ab. Dieses integrierte System von Hypothesen wird in Rahmen des ressourcen-basierten Ansatzes und der strategischen Netzwerktheorie diskutiert. Ein Model auf Basis der theoretischen Konzepte ermöglicht den Abgleich mit den entwickelten Hypothesen und zeigt weiteren Forschungsbedarf für die dynamische Betrachtung von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken auf. Sowohl Hypothesen als auch theoretisches Modell erlauben einen Ausblick auf die Handlungsanweisung für das Management von Partnerschaftsnetzwerken

"ALTERNATIF PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM PENENTUAN SUPPLIER INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR BERBASIS BILL of MATERIAL DAN GROUP TECHNOLOGY"

"Pemilihan supplier merupakan permasalahan yang komplek pada era Industri 4.0 sekarang ini. Banyaknya jumlah supplier dengan kualitas performansi yang berbeda-beda menyebabkan sulitnya pihak internal perusahaan untuk memilih supplier yang sesuai. Di sisi lain macam-macam bahan baku yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat produk jadi, sangat beragam. Kesesuaian supplier berkualitas yang diperlukan untuk memasok bahan baku yang dibutuhkan oleh industri menjadi hal yang penting untuk diselesaikan. Begitupun halnya dengan industri perakitan traktor tangan, industri kecil menengah ini juga sangat tergantung pada ketersediaan bahan pasokan, dan sudah pasti tergantung pula dengan pemilihan supplier itu sendiri. Penelitian disertasi ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh metode terbaru untuk memilih supplier pada industri manufaktur dengan studi kasus pada perakitan industri kecil traktor tangan. Penelitian disertasi ini diawali dengan kegiatan studi literatur melalui FGD, dan studi pustaka, kemudian diikuti dengan pembuatan desain prototipe aplikasi. Dimana untuk menyusun database bahan baku disusun menggunakan struktur produk pada Bill of Material, penentuan bobot kriteria optimal menggunakan Genetic Algorythms dan pemilihan supplier menggunakan metode multi criteria decision making. Studi kasus penelitian ini di sentra Industri Logam Ceper Klaten Solo, yaitu di Politeknik Manufaktur Ceper. Sedangkan pelaksanaan penelitiannya di Lab Komputasional dan Sistem Informasi serta Laboratorium Rekayasa Sistem Informasi Politeknik Negeri Jember. Uji coba aplikasi diimplementasikan pada studi kasus sesungguhnya, dengan data supplier 153, data bahan baku 70 bahan baku dengan variabel kriteria pemilihan supplier sebanyak 10 variabel. Pada tahap akhir diverifikasi menggunakan kuesioner online Google Form, dengan data responden sebanyak 101, banyaknya responden yg memilih “Sangat mudah” dan “Mudah” atau “Sangat lengkap” dan “Lengkap” atau “Sangat tepat” dan “Tepat” > 80 %, ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi / web yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini sesuai dengan harapan IKM pengguna (Verified). Kata kunci : Pemilihan pemasok, Computational intelegence, Bill of Material, Group Technology, Multi Criteria Decision Making dan Genetic Algorythms.